Answering the Call: How to Become a Military Chaplain

On July 29, 1775, the U.S. Continental Congress established the role of military chaplain in the Armed Forces. As of 1789, the U.S. government has required that chaplains be placed in the army, federal prisons, and the Veterans Administration — that is to say, the role of military chaplain is almost as old as the country itself.

From the very beginning, a military chaplain’s job was to serve the spiritual needs of soldiers, even those without a church. To this day, the role of chaplain is critical to the spiritual and emotional well-being of the Armed Forces — whether that’s leading worship services, providing individual pastoral care, or counseling troops in times of grief and trauma.

But how does one become a military chaplain, and how does the process differ from both traditional chaplaincy and military training? The road to military chaplaincy incorporates elements of both professions.

What Is a Military Chaplain?

Military Chaplain Role and Responsibilities 

Education and Degree Requirements

Additional Military Chaplain Requirements

How to Become a Military Chaplain (in 8 Steps)

15 Essential Skills for Military Chaplains

Military Chaplain Salary & Career Outlook

Begin Your Path to Military Chaplaincy with FST

Military Chaplaincy FAQs

What Is a Military Chaplain?

A military chaplain is a religious leader and commissioned officer who serves the spiritual and emotional needs of military personnel and their families. Their primary responsibility is to provide religious support and pastoral care to service members of all faiths or beliefs within the military community.

Each branch of the U.S. military has a chaplain general, all of whom are members of the United States Chaplain Corps. Chaplains are present wherever troops are stationed, including (and especially) combat zones. They do not participate in armed combat and are prevented from carrying weapons in the field; instead, they serve a critical role in stress management before, during, and after combat. Under the protections of the Geneva Convention, if captured by opposing forces, chaplains must be returned unharmed to their home country unless they choose to stay and minister to prisoners of war. They are not to be considered prisoners of war themselves and must be treated with respect.

Military chaplains are the personification and protectors of the freedom of religion in the armed forces. While they may personally follow a specific faith or denomination, their job is to meet the spiritual needs of soldiers from all faith backgrounds, including those who do not follow any religion. When not leading worship services, they share the uniform of their fellow service members, sometimes wearing an insignia indicating their own religious practice.

When not on duty, military chaplains often maintain an active presence in their own faith communities, attending services, leading worship, and providing counseling to civilians, veterans, and soldiers alike.

Military Chaplain Role and Responsibilities

Military chaplains serve as trusted confidants, spiritual guides, and sources of comfort for service members facing the challenges and demands of military life. They uphold the constitutional right to religious freedom within the military while providing essential support to individuals of all faiths and beliefs. As such, their daily responsibilities can be incredibly varied.

• Spiritual guidance and counseling: Military chaplains offer religious and spiritual guidance to service members, assisting them in matters of faith, morality, and personal challenges. They provide confidential, non-clinical counseling on various issues such as stress, grief, family problems, and moral dilemmas.

• Worship services and sacraments: Chaplains conduct religious services, ceremonies, and rituals according to the beliefs of respective faith groups. This may include administering sacraments such as communion or baptism or performing religious rites for significant life events such as weddings and funerals.

• Moral and ethical guidance: Military service is rife with ethical dilemmas, especially in active combat zones. Chaplains help service members navigate these dilemmas, providing guidance based on religious teachings and principles. Even if an individual is not religious, chaplains can offer them support in making difficult decisions while adhering to the military’s ethical standards. 

• Crisis intervention and support: During times of crisis, conflict, or deployment, chaplains offer emotional and spiritual support to military personnel and their families. They provide a compassionate presence, lending an ear to concerns and offering comfort and encouragement in challenging circumstances. If further support is needed, chaplains will refer service members to the appropriate clinical personnel. Chaplains may also accompany officers when notifying families of a service member’s death. 

• Religious education and outreach: Military chaplains can facilitate religious education programs, discussions, and study groups to help service members deepen their understanding of their faith and foster religious community within the military. They also engage in outreach activities to promote religious tolerance and understanding among diverse religious groups, including those of the local communities in which troops are stationed.
  
• Protecting religious freedom and ensuring accommodations: The U.S. military recognizes over 200 religions, each with its own unique set of tenets. Military chaplains ensure that each service member has access to the resources and accommodations they need, be that a private place to pray, religious exemption from certain events or activities, or specific dietary requirements. 

• Community building and support networks: Chaplains play a crucial role in building a sense of community and cohesion within military units by organizing religious gatherings, social events, and support networks. They foster camaraderie and solidarity among service members, creating a supportive environment for spiritual and emotional growth and resilience.

• Advising commanders: Chaplains advise military commanders on matters related to religious accommodation and the spiritual and emotional well-being of their troops. They serve as a resource for commanders in understanding the religious and cultural dynamics within their units and in making decisions that respect the religious freedom of service members.
  
• Acquire and maintain religious materials: Military chaplains are responsible for sourcing, maintaining, and replacing materials such as Bibles, hymnals, menorahs, religious garments, and any other item required for religious observation. 

Education and Degree Requirements

The educational requirements for military chaplains vary depending on their branch of the military and the specific denomination or faith group they represent. However, there are some common educational prerequisites and qualifications typically required for individuals seeking to become military chaplains.

• Theological education: The U.S. military requires chaplains to have at least a graduate-level theological education from an accredited seminary, divinity school, or religious institution. This education provides a solid foundation in religious studies, theology, pastoral counseling, and ministerial practices. Even if a particular faith group does not require a master’s degree and ordination, a chaplain must meet the military’s educational requirements.
  
  • Bachelor’s degree: Any master’s degree candidate is required to have a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution. Those entering a theological studies or seminary program benefit from having a bachelor’s degree in theology, religious studies, philosophy, sociology, counseling, or psychology.
    
  • Master’s degree: The most common graduate degree among ordained religious leaders is a Master of Divinity (MDiv), although a Master of Theological Studies (MTS) or Master of Arts in Theology (MA) may be acceptable with the appropriate practical experience. An MDiv provides training in religious leadership and spiritual counseling, both of which military chaplains are required to deliver. Aspiring chaplains may be able to earn their degree while serving, and the government may pay for their education.

• Ordination or endorsement: Ordination is the process of seeking formal approval for religious leadership from a church’s governing body. Most military chaplains must receive an Ecclesiastical Endorsement from a Department of Defense (DoD)-recognized endorser and be in good standing with their respective religious denomination or faith group. However, this is not required for all religions; for example, Judaism lacks a hierarchical structure, so there is no governing body to bestow approval.

• Religious requirements: Candidates for military chaplaincy must demonstrate proficiency in the doctrines, beliefs, and practices of their particular religious tradition, as well as familiarity with other faith traditions. They should be able to articulate their faith effectively and provide sensitive and objective spiritual leadership within a military context.

• Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE): Many military chaplaincy programs require candidates to complete a certain number of units of Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE). CPE provides hands-on training in pastoral care, counseling, and spiritual support (specifically in healthcare settings) and helps chaplains develop the skills necessary for ministry in diverse and challenging environments.
  
• Relevant experience: Candidates typically need at least two years of religious ministry leadership experience before being eligible for military chaplaincy. This experience helps ensure that chaplains are practically equipped to provide effective spiritual support on duty.

Additional Military Chaplain Requirements

Besides the appropriate educational background, military chaplains must meet additional requirements before they can assume their office.

• Citizenship: Like all members of the armed forces, military chaplains must be citizens of the United States before enlisting.

• Military training: Chaplains must undergo military training and orientation to familiarize themselves with the structure, culture, and regulations of the Armed Forces. This training typically includes courses on military ethics, leadership, customs and courtesies, and operational readiness. While military chaplains are barred from carrying weapons, they may receive weapons training for protection or to compete in military-sponsored marksmanship competitions. 

• Licensing and credentialing: Depending on the specific requirements of their branch of service, military chaplains may need to obtain additional licenses, certifications, or credentials to serve as commissioned officers in the military. This process may involve background checks, physical examinations, and other administrative requirements. While not always mandatory, becoming certified by organizations such as the Association for Professional Chaplains (APC) is recommended.

• Commissioning: Upon meeting the educational and credentialing requirements, candidates for military chaplaincy are commissioned as officers in the Armed Forces of the United States. The commissioning process involves taking an oath of office and assuming the responsibilities of military leadership and service.

• Medical and physical fitness: Chaplains must meet the medical and physical fitness standards established by the military, though these standards may not be as strict as those for personnel in combat roles.

• Legal and disciplinary requirements: Candidates must have no convictions by courts-martial or civilian courts (besides minor infractions). They should also have no disciplinary history related to unprofessional behavior, financial irresponsibility, domestic violence, or child abuse.

• Age limit: Chaplains must be commissioned by the age of 40, though age limits may vary by branch. 

These additional requirements ensure that military chaplains are well-prepared, qualified, and equipped to fulfill their vital role for the duration of their service.

How to Become a Military Chaplain (in 8 Steps)

To summarize the steps covered in the previous two sections, here is how to become a military chaplain, in order:

1. Obtain a bachelor’s degree (BA or equivalent) from an accredited institution. Preferred fields include those related to theology, religious studies, or a specific religious tradition.
   
2. Pursue a master’s degree in theology, divinity, or a related field from an accredited seminary or religious institution.
   
3. Seek ordination or endorsement from a recognized religious organization or endorsing agency. This process typically involves meeting the requirements set by the religious denomination or faith group, which may include theological education, pastoral experience, and adherence to specific doctrinal beliefs and practices. 

4. Enlist in the military branch in which you wish to serve as a chaplain. Candidates must meet the eligibility requirements for military service, including citizenship, age, and physical fitness standards. During the enlistment process, candidates may express their interest in becoming a chaplain, which will direct them to the appropriate channels within the military recruitment process.

5. Upon enlistment, candidates must undergo basic military training, also known as boot camp. This training provides foundational instruction in military customs and courtesies, physical fitness, weapons training (if applicable), and other essential skills for military service. Basic training helps candidates adapt to military life and culture before proceeding to chaplaincy-specific training.

6. Military chaplains undergo specialized training to prepare them for their role within the armed forces. This training program covers various aspects of chaplaincy, including the role and responsibilities of chaplains, military structure and etiquette, traditions, leadership development, pastoral counseling methods, administration, and chaplaincy in deployed environments. This training may be conducted at specialized chaplain schools or programs within the military branch.

7. After completing the necessary education and training requirements, candidates can apply for chaplaincy positions within their respective military branch. Candidates will undergo interviews and assessments to evaluate their suitability for chaplaincy.

8. Upon selection for a chaplaincy position, candidates are commissioned as officers in the Armed Forces of the United States. This commissioning process involves taking an oath of office and assuming the responsibilities of military leadership and service as a chaplain.

15 Essential Skills for Military Chaplains

While military chaplains must possess a series of practical skills to perform their duties, there are also a number of innate qualities that make a truly effective religious leader and provider of support.

1. Empathy: The ability to show genuine compassion and understanding toward the emotions and experiences of service members and their families.
   
2. Interpersonal communication: The ability to effectively communicate and connect with service members of diverse backgrounds.

3. Cultural sensitivity: Understanding and respecting the diverse cultural and religious backgrounds within the military community, ensuring inclusivity and support for all.
   
4. Religious fluency: Strong working knowledge of the church and scriptures, including a deep understanding of religious teachings and doctrines relevant to one’s faith tradition.

5. Ethical decision-making: The capacity to navigate complex moral dilemmas and provide ethical guidance aligned with military values and religious principles.

6. Crisis intervention: Skill in providing immediate support and comfort during times of crisis, including combat deployments, natural disasters, or personal emergencies.

7. Pastoral counseling: Proficiency in providing confidential counseling and guidance to service members and their families, addressing spiritual, emotional, and relational challenges.

8. Leadership: Ability to lead religious services, programs, and ceremonies with confidence and inspire confidence in others through exemplary conduct and guidance.

9. Adaptability: The flexibility to adjust and thrive in diverse military environments while maintaining resilience and effectiveness.

10. Collaboration: Capacity to work with troops, military leaders, healthcare professionals, and other support services to meet the holistic needs of service members.

11. Problem-solving: The ability to identify and address the unique challenges faced by service members and offer creative solutions and support.

12. Crisis management: The ability to remain calm and composed under pressure and guide others in doing the same.

13. Confidentiality: Commitment to maintaining confidentiality and trust in all interactions, respecting the privacy of service members seeking spiritual guidance and support.

14. Emotional intelligence: Awareness of one’s own emotions and those of others, effectively managing emotions and fostering positive relationships within the military community.
    
15. Active listening: Engaging in attentive and empathetic listening to understand the diverse concerns and needs of all service members.

Military Chaplain Salary & Career Outlook

Today, military chaplains can work on base, in military hospitals, in combat zones, in federal prisons, aboard ships, and in places of worship that serve the military community. Job aspects such as placement and salary can vary based on any combination of factors including experience, education, location, and the size of the military community they serve.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) categorizes military chaplains as part of the occupational group of clergy. The BLS projects a 4% growth for all jobs in the clergy, including chaplains, between 2019 and 2029, which is the same as the average projected growth for all jobs. According to the BLS, the annual median salary for clergy falls between $58,000 and $71,000, though the size of the military base or camp where a chaplain is stationed can impact their earnings, with larger installations potentially offering higher salaries.

In addition to base pay, military chaplains may receive benefits such as free on-site housing or a housing allowance, vacation pay, medical and retirement benefits, and other incentives from the U.S. military.

Overall, while the salary for military chaplains may vary, the consistent demand for chaplains and the integral role they play in providing spiritual support to service members suggest a stable career outlook within the field.

Begin Your Path to Military Chaplaincy with FST

If you are drawn to a career as a military chaplain, pursuing the appropriate education is imperative. The Franciscan School of Theology (FST) in San Diego, California, offers a full suite of theological master’s programs, including an MDiv, MTS, and MA, as well as a 100%-online MTS program accessible to remote students. FST is committed to assisting military service members, whether active or veteran, through Post-9/11 GI Bill^® support, active duty tuition assistance, and veteran education benefits.

While all programs are rooted in the Franciscan Catholic tradition, FST fosters a welcoming spiritual community open to anyone with a strong curiosity and drive to deepen their understanding of faith. With a community-based, service-focused approach to faith formation, FST is the ideal graduate school for those who wish to dedicate their lives to compassionate, active service.

For more information about military chaplain education, please reach out to the admissions team at FST today.

Military Chaplaincy FAQs

What is required to become a military chaplain?

Military chaplain requirements usually include holding a bachelor’s degree, followed by a graduate-level theological education; obtaining endorsement from a recognized religious organization; meeting military service requirements such as citizenship and physical fitness standards; and completing chaplaincy-specific training programs.

Can military chaplains provide services and support to individuals of different faiths or beliefs?

Yes, military chaplains are trained to serve the spiritual needs of service members from diverse religious backgrounds or beliefs, including those without a church. They are committed to providing inclusive and non-discriminatory support, embodying the right to religious freedom and respecting the beliefs of all service members and their families.

How do military chaplains help non-religious service members?

Military chaplains are trained to address the spiritual needs of all service members, regardless of their religious affiliation or beliefs. Besides leading worship or providing spiritual counseling, military chaplains are also trained in crisis management, stress management, and helping service members handle difficult personal and professional situations. They strive to create inclusive environments where all individuals, religious or not, feel valued, supported, and empowered on their spiritual, ethical, or emotional journeys.

Can military chaplains also pursue civilian religious ministry or pastoral work?

Yes, military chaplains may pursue civilian religious ministry or pastoral work, although the extent to which they can engage in civilian activities may vary based on their military commitments and responsibilities. Some military chaplains may engage in part-time or volunteer civilian ministry work during their off-duty hours, weekends, or between deployments. If their schedules allow, they may also lead religious education and outreach efforts to non-military community members. 

What is the difference between a military chaplain and a traditional chaplain?

The primary difference between a military chaplain and a traditional chaplain lies in their respective areas of focus and contexts of service. While both roles involve providing spiritual care and support to individuals in need, military chaplains specifically serve within the Armed Forces, whereas traditional chaplains typically serve within civilian contexts such as hospitals, prisons, educational institutions, or religious congregations.